00100	
00200	Introduction.
00300	 
00400		To begin to describe the use of the MS program the process of setting
00500	up a typical page of music will be traced in detail.  This section will by no
00600	means touch on all the features of the MS program, nor will full explanations
00700	be given for each step.  However page references will appear showing where 
00800	complete descriptions of the features may be found.
00900	 
01000		At the top of each page in the following examples the composer's 
01100	original manuscript appears.  Next is a listing of the input file
01200	containing the main information for the given manuscript excerpt.  At the
01300	bottom of the page is the same music as it will appear on the graphics
01400	display screen.  It must be emphasized that this is just the first step
01500	in the process which will lead to the final output.  After this step is
01600	complete for an entire piece or movement the files produced will be
01700	reprocessed by the page layout program, "PAGE".  In general, no major
01800	editing should be done until after the page layout program has been used
01900	to establish the final format.  This program will be explained in detail
02000	later.
02100	 
02200		In the first input step several items in the original manuscript 
02300	will be ignored.  These items will usually include tempo indications, some
02400	slurs and ties, most words, etc.  All these things are to be entered after
02500	the final format has been created.  (In most cases, if these items were
02600	entered in the early stages, they would just have to be re-edited after
02700	use of the PAGE program.)
02800	
02810		In almost every case it is best to enter the bottom staff of
02820	a system first.  The main reason for this is that all bar lines that
02830	cover more than one staff are always considered to go upward from
02840	some staff.  In the example at hand all the bar lines will be entered
02850	only on the bottom staff, Staff 0.  They will however extend to the
02860	top of the upper staff, Staff 1.  The line containing the bar lines
02870	should go in first because the extra space the bars need is
02880	automatically provided.  If there are notes already in position on
02890	other staves, this extra space cannot be given.
02895	
02900		At line 100 the word IN is followed by a group of parameters.
03000	The first zero, P2, refers to Staff 0.  The second zero, P3, means
03100	that Staff 0 will begin in horizontal position 0, the far left side
03200	of the page.  The third zero, P4, means there will be no vertical 
03300	shift.  The last number, P5, is set to .9, meaning the staff size
03400	will be 90% of the default size.  Since no other parameters are
03500	mentioned, they will all use their default values.  (For example,
03600	P6, the right horizontal position of the staff, will become 200,
03700	the far right edge of the printed page.
03800	
03900		Line 200 will tell what portion of the staff will be used
04000	for the input which will follow.  The zero says that the default values
04100	will be used.  This means that the full range of the line, 0 to 200,
04200	will be used.  (The numbers, "0 200", could have been typed.)
04300	
04400		Line 300 contains the main body of the input for the bottom
04500	line of the music.  M2 means we will begin with measure line at position
04600	zero (because of the statement in line 200) which will cover
04700	a total of 2 staves, Staff 0 and Staff 1.  Each particular item in
04800	a line will be delineated with a slash.  When there is no more of the
04900	current type of input to come a semicolon is used.
     

00100	
00200		The MS program can create  scores  with  as  many  staves  as
00300	desired, however only up to 8 staves may appear on the CRT display at
00400	one time. Due to the limitations of the display system it is best  to
00500	deal  with  as few staves at a time as is convenient.  The dispayable
00600	staves are numbered 0 through 7 with 0 appearing at the bottom of the
00700	screen.
00800	
00900	Each  object  used  in a musical score will be automatically numbered
01000	according to its order of entry.  These objects are known as  "Items"
01100	and  each  Item  will  be  associated with a particular staff number.
01200	Each Item will be defined in terms of a string  of  parameters.   The
01300	first  4  parameters  for  each  Item  will  conform to the following
01400	conventions.
01500	
01600	
01700		P1	will contain the special code number for each Item.
01800			For example the code number for notes is 1; 
01900			for rests, 2; for clefs, 3; etc.
02000	
02100		P2	will indicate the staff (0 to 7) to which the Item is
02200			attached.  The vertical size of the staff will determine
02300			the basic size of each Item.
02400	
02500		P3	will indicate the horizontal position of each Item. The
02600			normal full screen width has a range of numbers from
02700			0 to 200.  Position 100 is at the center of the screen.
02800			P3 numbers are absolute.  They are unaffected by staff
02900			size.  Floating point numbers may be used in this and
03000			most following parameters.  (The position numbers will 
03100			usually refer to the position of the left leading edge 
03200			of an object.)
03300	
03400		P4	sets the vertical position of each Item.  Vertical position
03500			will always be relative to the vertical position of the
03600			staff involved.  The position numbers are related to the
03700			numbering of the notes of the diatonic scale beginning
03800			with middle C=1.  The treble clef is assumed for this
03900			purpose.  Thus a note with P4 set to 1 would appear on
04000			the first ledger line below the staff.  The bottom line
04100			of the staff is position 3.  (The musical interval from
04200			C to E is a third.)  The first space in the staff is
04300			position 4, the top space is position 10, etc.  The analogy
04400			to musical intervals holds only when ascending from
04500			position 1.  Descending, the next position is 0 (for B
04600			below middle C), then -1 for A, -2 for G, etc.  Note that
04700			the actual clef used is not pertinent here; 1 will put a
04800			note on the first ledger line below the staff no matter
04900			what clef has appeared.  For many Items P4 will indicate
05000			the position of the bottom or middle (as with notes) of
05100			the Item, however there are many exceptions to this (clefs,
05200			rests, etc.)
05300	
05400		The  higher  parameter  numbers  will serve various functions
05500	depending on the code number (P1) involved.
05600	
05700	
05800	
05900		A guide to spacing may be made to appear  on  the  screen  by
06000	typing  SC  n <cr> , where n is a staff number.  (SC = spacing scale)
06100	Upward from the bottom of the screen,  on  the  far  left  side,  the
06200	numbers 0 to 7 will appear.  These refer to the numbered positions of
06300	the staves.  Horizontally, at whatever staff  number  that  has  been
06400	given  following  SC,  the scale is printed by tens in an abbreviated
06500	form running from 0 to 9 (= 0 to 90), 0 to 9 again (= 100 to 190) and
06600	then a final 0 (= 200).  To move the scale to a different staff level
06700	just type SC n <cr> with a new value for  n.  To  erase  the  spacing
06800	scale  entirely,  type SC 99 <cr>.  It is usually a good idea to have
06900	the spacing scale visible when any editing is being done.
07000	
07100	
     

00100	
00200		Setting up the musical staff.
00300		
00400		Usually the first step in entering a score is to set up the staff.
00500	The parameters list for a staff is as folows:
00600	
00700	| P1 | P2   |  P3 |   P4   |  P5  |  P6 |  P7	  |   P8   |      P9	  |
00800	|Code|Staff |Left |Relative| Size |Right|Visible, |Location|Identification|
00900	|Num.| Num. |side |vertical|factor| side|invisible|   of   |     name	  |
01000	|(8) |(Basic| of  |position|      |  of |	  |spacing |		  |
01100	|    | vert.|staff|	   |      |staff|	  |  line  |		  |
01200	|    | pos.)|     |	   |      |     |	  |	   |		  |
01300	|    |(0to7)|     |	   |      |     |	  |	   |		  |
01400	
01500		Normally a zero in P2 will put a staff near the bottom of the
01600	display. However a staff zero may be made to appear anywhere by changing
01700	the number in P4. The vertical spacing units used in P4 will be called
01800	"note level units." There are two note level units from one staff line to
01900	the next. Thus if P4 = 2 the staff will appear 2 levels higher than the
02000	basic position. P4 = 10 would put the staff down 10 note levels.
02100	
02200		The actual size of each note level unit depends on the size factor
02300	number in P5. When the program begins P5 is set to 1 for all 8 staves.
02400	If P5 equals 2, then the size of each note level unit will double.
02500	P5 = .8 will make the note level units 80% of the basic size. The size
02600	factor of a staff will influence every Item associated with that same staff.
02700	Thus all the notes on a staff with P5 = .5 will be half as large as the
02800	notes on a staff with P5 = 1. The horizontal position numbers (0 to 200)
02900	are not affected by the P5 size factor of the staff.
03000	
03100		P3 and P6 control the actual width of the staff. The original values
03200	for these are 0 and 200. To make a staff occupy only the right half of the
03300	screen set P3 to 100. To make it occupy only the left half set P3 to 0 and
03400	P6 to 100. The horizontal spacing units will remain constant at all times.
03500	With most Items which have variable left and right position points, such
03600	as slurs, beams, various lines, etc., P3 and P6 are used to specify the left
03700	and right locations.
03800	
03900		Normally P7 is left at zero, however it is sometimes useful to
04000	have items associated with a staff size factor different from any of those
04100	staves which are visible. When P7 is set to 1 the staff lines will be
04200	invisible but whatever values are given to P4 (vertical note level position)
04300	and P5 (size factor will then serve as the bases for all items using the
04400	same staff number (P2.)
04500	
04600	
04700	
     

00100	
00200		P8 is used to aid in spacing groups of staves when several
00300	separate display units (files) are assembled to print a full page.
00400	The use of this feature will be explained later.
00500	
00600		P9 can be made to hold a special identification name for each
00700	staff. These names are needed when the automatic part-extraction program
00800	is used. This program will be dealt with later.
00900	
01000		The following examples should be tried to gain familiarity with
01100	the staff placement. All entries must be terminated with <cr> (the return
01200	key.)
01300	
01400		To start the operation of the program type R MS <cr>. The program
01500	will respond with "TYPE FOR ITEM 1". To put the spacing scale on the
01600	screen type SC0 <cr>. The scale will appear and the prompt will be
01700	repeated.
01800	
01900		Then type 8 <cr>.
02000	
02100		This will place a full-length staff at position zero, the bottom
02200	of the screen, with a size factor of 1. Since only P1 (the code number)
02300	has been given here all the defaukt values for the remaining parameters
02400	are assumed by the program.  Now try,
02500	
02600		8 5 50 (always followed by <cr>.)
02700	
02800		In this case a staff at position 3, the middle of the screen.
02900	The size factor, in P5, will cause the staff to be 80% of the vertical
03000	size of the other staves.  Now try,
03100	
03200		8 7 0 0 1.1 100
03300	
03400		This will put a staff near the top of the screen, position 7.
03500	The size factor, 1.1, will cause it to be 10% larger than the standard
03600	and the 100 in P6 will cause the right side of the staff to end at the
03700	center of the screen.
03800	
03900	
04000	
     

00100	Editing
00200	
00300		Any of the items appearing on the screen may be edited. The several
00400	methods for locating the parameters of particular items will be explained
00500	later. Each item is given a number internally as it is entered. To bring
00600	forth an item for editing simply type "I" followed by the proper number.
00700	Thus typing I1 <cr> will make a cursor (marker) appear at the left leading
00800	edge of the first staff entered. Also the list of parameters for that item
00900	will be printed on the screen. At this point any of the parameters may be
01000	changed by typing the parameter number followed by the change desired.
01100	
01200		If 4 1 is typed the new vertical position of the staff will
01300	appear superimposed on the original staff. Since P4 now has a 1 in it
01400	the whole staff has been moved up 1 note level unit. The lines of the
01500	new form of the staff will appear in the spaces of the original form.
01600	The original parameter list will print out once more. Now if "X" (for
01700	"exit from edit mode") is typed the original form of the staff will
01800	disappear leaving only the altered version. The list of parameters will
01900	also disappear. The screen will say "TYPE FOR ITEM 5", (there are already
02000	4 items on the screen.) New items may now be entered or further editing
02100	may be done.
02200	
02300		To re-edit the first staff type "I1" again. (No space is needed
02400	between I and 1.) The parameter list for item 1 will now show a 1 in P4. 
02500	If 4 -1 is typed the staff will appear 2 note level units below its
02600	current position. 4 3 will superimpose it 2 note levels above its current
02700	position. In all these cases an absolute value is being given for P4.
02800	Relative values may be given by adding two zeros to the parameter number.
02900	(Or, if you prefer, PnX100.) Thus, typing 400 -3 will cause the edited
03000	version of the stave to move down 3 units from whatever level it may be
03100	at. If all the previous steps have been typed as indicated the edited
03200	position will now be at level zero.
03300	
03400		Several parameters may be changed at one time. The parameter
03500	numbers need not be given in order. 3 10  6 190  400 4 will move the left
03600	and right sides of the staff (P3 and P6) each in toward the center by 10
03700	horizontal units and the staff will be moved up by 4 note level units.
03800	(P4 is listed as 400 to cause a relative shift.) Typing an "X" will once
03900	more exit from the edit mode.
04000	
04100		If nothing is typed at this point and instead of an "X" (for exit)
04200	the <cr> key is struck the editing of item 1 will cease, the old form of
04300	item 1 will disappear leaving only the edited form and the cursor will
04400	move on to item 2 and its parameter list will be printed. Further carriage 
04500	returns will step through the items in order. When there are no more items
04600	found the cursor will no longer appear (you will be out of edit mode) and
04700	the program will wait for other commands.
04800	
04900		To edit the last item entered or edited no number is needed after the
05000	letter I.  In this set of examples typing I <cr> will go into edit mode
05100	for item 4.  To back up from this point, -2 <cr> (no "I") will move to
05200	item 2, or I2 <cr> would do the same thing.  These last mentioned
05300	commands will work only if there have been no changes made in the item
05400	currently indicated by the cursor.  If changes have been made single
05500	negative numbers or the letter I will be ignored by the program.  The
05600	only valid commands are further parameter changes, an "X" or <cr> to
05700	terminate the editing of that item, the letters L,R,U,D, the letter "C"
05800	(for COPY), "P" followed by a parameter number or "DEL".
05900	
06000	
     

00100	
00200		The letters L, R, U and D, followed by a number, may be used for
00300	moving an item left, right, up or down. L6 <cr>, for example, would move
00400	an item 6 units to the left. D4 would move it 4 note level units down.
00500	L5.5 U7 <cr> would move it left 5.5 units and up 7 units. If no number
00600	is given after one of these letters the number last used for that 
00700	coordinate will be applied. D6 will move an item down 6 units. If U <cr>
00800	is then typed the item will go up 6 units - or back to its original
00900	position. When no number is used only one of these letter commands may
01000	be used at a time.
01100	
01200		With "C" the original form of the item remains unchanged and a
01300	copy of the item in the edited form is added on to the total list of items.
01400	Here a special situation arises when dealing with staves. The only point
01500	in using "C" with staves is if the list of parameters changes includes a
01600	change in P2, the staff number. For example, type I1. The parameter list
01700	will now contain:
01800		8 0 10 4 0 190	(The size factor is actually 1 even though a zero
01900	appears in P5.)
02000	
02100		Then type 2 1 400 -6. This will put the edited form of item 1 up
02200	to staff position 1 but with a relative shift down 6 note level units
02300	from where it would otherwise appear. Now C <cr> will make this form of
02400	item 1 into item 5 and the program will exit from edit mode and say,
02500	"TYPE FOR ITEM 6".
02600	
02700		Each time parameters are changed while in edit mode the original
02800	list of parameters is printed out. To see the exact edited value of any
02900	parameter, type Pn, where n is a parameter number. Only one parameter at
03000	a time may be examined in this manner.
03100	
03200		Once in edit mode, an item may be deleted by typing DEL <cr>. If
03300	any changes have been made before, this command will be ignored. So to
03400	delete item 2, type I2 <cr>, then DEL <cr>. Item 2 (the staff that was at
03500	position 5) has now disappeared and the cursor has moved on to the next
03600	item. Internally, all the items are now renumbered from this item on. If
03700	this next item is not to be changed, then type X to exit from edit mode.
03800	
03900	
04000	
     

00100	
00200		The various staves to be used are best entered before any other
00300	objects. After that the notes and various other symbols are usually
00400	entered with a variant of "SCORE" notation. (SCORE is a notation system
00500	for creating input for computer sound generating programs.) However before
00600	going into SCORE notation it would be well to discuss the various possible
00700	parameters of a single note and the relation of the note to the staff.
00800	
00900		To make a fresh beginning hit the "CALL" key. This takes you out
01000	of the MS program. Then type R MS <cr> and a fresh version of the program
01100	will be in operation. Enter a staff number zero by typing 8 <cr>. A single
01200	note can have as many as 12 parameters and some of the parameters will
01300	serve double duty. For a resume of the functions of all the parameters
01400	refer to the referance manual, MS.REF[MAN,LCS].
01500	
01600		Now type 1 0 100 1 <cr>. A note, with no stem, will appear on the
01700	first ledger line below staff zero. Notes on the CRT are made up of only 6
01800	lines, to conserve display vectors. When hard copy is made they appear in
01900	the conventional manner. Of the parameters that have been typed the first
02000	is the code number for notes, 1. P2 is staff number to which the note will
02100	be attached. P3 is horizontal position number and P4 is the vertical, note
02200	level position.
02300	
02400		At this point another editing feature will be mentioned. In most
02500	cases the last item entered may be moved about with the L, R, U, and D
02600	commands without formally entering edit mode just so long no other items
02700	have meanwhile been edited. So at this point typing L50 U3 <cr> will move
02800	the note half way toward the left side and up 3 note levels - to the lowest
02900	space on the staff. Since we are not in edit mode, when the note moves
03000	there is no "original" left behind. Now typing R <cr> will move the note
03100	right 50 units, back to the center of the screen. D <cr> moves it down 3
03200	units, to its original position.
03300	
03400		To add more parameters to the note we must enter edit mode by
03500	typing I <cr>. No number is necessary since the note was the last item
03600	entered. With notes, P5 is used to indicate the presence of a stem and its
03700	direction and the presence of accidentals. P5 will usually be a two digit
03800	number where the first digit contains stem information and the second 
03900	digit can indicate accidental. Type 3 110 5 10. Changing P3 will move the
04000	note over so that all the changes can be clearly seen. The 10 in P5 will
04100	cause an upward stem to appear. The second digit is zero so there is no
04200	accidental. Now type 5 20 . This causes the stem to go downward. Now type
04300	500 1 . This causes a relative change of +1 in P5, thus the second digit
04400	is now one and a flat will appear in front of the note. Type 5 12. The
04500	stem will go up (first digit) and the accidental will be a sharp. For the
04600	second digit: 1 = flat, 2 = sharp, 3 = natural, 4 = double flat, 5 = double
04700	sharp.
04800	
04900	
05000	
     

00100	
00200		It will be sometimes necessary to move the accidental away from the
00300	note, to the left. (This happens in many chordal formations.) The accidental
00400	may be pushed to the left by putting numbers to the right of the decimal
00500	point in P5. Type 5 12.2 <cr>. This will cause the sharp to move two
00600	horizontal units to the left of the note. 5 12.15 puts the sharp one and a 
00700	half units to the left of the note.
00800	
00900		P7 works in the same manner as P5 execpt that the first digit refers
01000	to the number of dots to be found after the note and the second digit sets
01100	the number of tails which will be attached to the stem. 7 12 puts a dot
01200	after the note and two tails on the stem. (1/16 note.) Numbers after the
01300	decimal point will move the dot to the right.
01400	
01500		P8 will control the length of the stem. Here, a zero will give the
01600	standard stem length (one octave.) (For internal reasons in the program a
01700	zero is turned into the number 999.) In cases of notes with more than one
01800	tail the standard stem length is somewhat extended. Numbers put into P8 will
01900	change the stem length by note level units. Type 8 -1.5 . The stem will
02000	become 1.5 units shorter. Type 800 3 . The stem will now have 3 units added
02100	to its former length. It is now 1.5 units longer than the standard.
02200	
02300		To this point we have been dealing with a black note, for rhythmic
02400	values of a quarter note or shorter duration. To make this note into a half
02500	note type 6 -1 . Of course the tails on the stem are now meaningless. Type
02600	700 -2 to remove them. This zeros the second digit of P7. To change the note
02700	to a whole note the stem must be removed. For this, type 500 -10 . This zeros
02800	the first digit of P5 without changing the accidental and its displacement.
02900	If X is typed we should now have a whole note in the bottom space of the
03000	staff (F, if it were using treble clef) at horizontal position 110, with a
03100	sharp spaced to the left and a dot to the right. If we type I to enter edit
03200	mode for this note once more the entire parameter list will print out.
03300		1 0 110 4 2.15 -1 10 1.5
03400	
03500		You will notice P8 has information about stem length however this is
03600	ignored since P5, having no first digit, tells us that there is no stem.
03700	
03800		The principle use for P9 is to store rhythmic-spatial values. These
03900	are used by the part-extractor and page lay out program. Otherwise, a -1 in
04000	P9 will suppress any ledger lines that normally would appear with a note.
04100	The principle use of P10 is to cause notes to appear on either the staff
04200	above the one indicated by P2 (P10 = 2) or on the staff below (P10 = 1.)
04300	This is needed in piano and harp music. More will be said about this in the
04400	discussion of beams.
04500	
04600	
04700	
     

00100	
00200		P11 is used for adding various marks to the note. Up to two different
00300	marks at once may be indicated by P11. Type 11 5. Now an accent will appear
00400	under the note. 11 9 will change this to a heavy wedge accent. To put two
00500	marks on the note P11 may be thought of as having 4 digits. Each set of 2
00600	digits refers to one mark. Type 905. This means the first 2 digits are 09 and
00700	the second 2 are 05. This will give an accent under the note and a dash below
00800	that. In cases where it matters, the mark indicated by the first 2 digits will
00900	always be the farthest from the note. For a complete list of possible marks
01000	see the list under code number 9 in the MS.REF file. Experiment with several
01100	of the numbers to get a feel for the possibilities. Note that any of the
01200	symbols found under code number 9 can be applied to a note as independent
01300	items. In this case the items must be positioned visually and if the note is
01400	later moved the marks must be moved separately.
01500	
01600		Some different note shapes are available through the use of P4. Add 100
01700	to P4 to make mini-notes, or grace notes. +200 makes a diamond shape, +300 makes
01800	"X" notes. +400 makes invisible note heads. Type 300 10  400 100  500 10  6 0.
01900	The note will be moved 10 units to the right. (10 has been added to P3.) The
02000	note has become a mini-note. (100 has been added to P4.) The note now has an
02100	upward stem (10 has been to P5.) The note has become solid, or black. (P6 is
02200	now zero.) P8 once more has signifance because the note has a stem. Type 8 0
02300	to make the stem become the standard size. 
02400	
02500		Next try typing 4 202. The note will move down to the level of a
02600	treble clef D because of the right-hand digit 2. The note becomes a diamond
02700	shape because 200 has been added to the note level number.
02800	
02900		Type 400 100. This adds 100 more to the value of P4, making the total
03000	302. The left hand 3 now makes the note into an "X" shape, as is often used
03100	for percussion parts.
03200	
03300		Type 4 406. The 400 added to the note level number causes the note
03400	head to be invisible. The stem remains however, moving upward from position
03500	6, the space for treble clef A.
03600	
03700		The number 500 added to the note level number will call upon whatever
03800	special notation package that has been added to the program. The use of this
03900	feature will be explained later.
04000	
04100		At this point it would be well to review the parameter resume for notes
04200	given in MS.REF. In the same file look over page 8-2 on "HOW TO CHANGE
04300	PARAMETERS". Experiment with all the material covered so far so that the
04400	possibilities are well understood.
04500	
04600	
04700	
     

00100		Entering complete lines of music - SCORE input mode.
00200	
00300		Putting in very many notes in the manner described above would be quite
00400	slow work. A method has been devised whereby elements of the SCORE notation
00500	system may be used for the major part of the input. Notes are referred to by
00600	their letter names and rhythms by their numerical values or letter names. Other
00700	musical symbols referred to by letters which are fairly easy to remember.
00800	
00900		The main rules for this type of input are that a slash (/) must come
01000	at end of each rhythmic unit or musical symbol entered and the last item ends
01100	instead with a semi-colon.
01200	
01300		All typing must begin in the first available space. Several lines of
01400	typing may be entered for one line of music. If more than one line is used the
01500	first lines must each end with a slash. The final line of typing must end with
01600	a semicolon. No more than 72 characters can appear on any input line.
01700	
01800		 The SCORE system can be described as a multi-pass
01900	input language. The first pass or string of input will include all the things
02000	which will require some specific amount of horizontal space. These include
02100	notes, rests, clefs, bar lines, key signatures and meter numbers. For notes,
02200	the standard alphabetical names are used; C,D,E,F,G,A,B. For accidentals: F
02300	= flat, S = sharp, N = natural, FF = double flat, SS = double sharp. The
02400	accidental must follow the note letter with no space.
02500	
02600		An alternative method of indicating accidentals is by multiple key
02700	strokes on the note letters. A double letter is a flat, a triple letter is a
02800	sharp, a quadruple letter is a natural. E.g. CC = C flat, GGG = G sharp,
02900	BBBB = B natural.
03000	
03100		Of course a C may appear in any octave range. Numbers from 1 to 8 are
03200	 used to specify each particular octave. An octave range is considered to run
03300	from C up to the B above. C1 is the lowest C to be found on the piano keyboard.
03400	 C2 is the lowest string of the cello; C3 is the lowest string of the viola;
03500	C4 is middle C, or the lowest C of the flute; etc.
03600	
03700		The octave numbers need appear only when there are changes in octave
03800	range. A scale, up 2 octaves from middle C would be typed as follows:
03900		C4/D/E/F/G/A/B/C5/D/F/G/A/B/C6;
04000	
04100		An alternation between C5 and B4 several times normally requires that
04200	the octave numbers be typed for every note: C5/B4/C5/B4/C5/B4/ etc. To avoid
04300	typing so many numbers the letter "P" is used to indicate "Proximity mode."
04400	Proximity mode means simply that any note without an octave number will be
04500	considered to be as close as possible to the previous note. Once "P" appears
04600	Proximity mode is used until an "O" (for ordinary) appears. Using Proximity
04700	mode for the last example given the string would be typed as follows:
04800		PC5/B/C/B/C/B/ etc.
04900	
05000		Notice that PC5/G/ will put the G in octave 4, down a perfect fourth
05100	from the C. PC5/F/ will put the F in octave 5, a perfect fourth up from the C.
05200	
05300	
05400	
     

00100	
00200		Chords are constructed by using a colon between the notes instead of
00300	a slash. (The slash thus separates the individual rhythmic units.) The stem
00400	direction will be determined by the order of typing the notes. If the first
00500	note typed is the lowest, the stem goes up; if the first note is the highest,
00600	the stem will go down. In most cases the spacing out of accidentals and dots
00700	on chord notes and the positioning of notes on the proper side of the stem
00800	in close-knit chords will be automatic. Some examples: BF3:D4:F/ gives a Bb
00900	chord with the stem going up. F4:D:BF3/ gives the same chord, but with the
01000	stem going down. The Proximity mode feature will work here in the usual way.
01100	The same results as above can be had by typing PBF3:D:F/ and PF4:D:BF/.
01200	
01300		There is a special way of easily typing in octaves. A "+" following
01400	any note will cause it to appear along with its upper octave, stem going
01500	up. The "-" will cause the note to appear with its lower octave, stem going
01600	down. The rules about the persistence of octave numbers refer only to what
01700	is actually typed. For example, C4+/D+/E+/ will produce octaves with stems
01800	up as if you had typed C4:C5/D4:D5/E4:E5/.
01900	
02000		Chords that include octaves may be typed as follows: EF5-:CN:AF4/.
02100	This is the same as if you typed EF5:CN:AF4:EF/.
02200	
02300		If a number (n) from 2 to 9 is typed immediately following the "+"
02400	or "-" then a note at the interval n from the given note will appear. Thus
02500	the notes C4:A/E:C5/B3:G4/ could as well be typed C4+6/E+6/B3+6/. It should
02600	be noted that whatever accidental appears on the given note will also appear
02700	on the other note.
02800	
02900		The stem direction of single, non-chord notes are usually set
03000	automatically, according to the traditions of music printing. However, in
03100	multi-voice music it is often desired to have the stem direction go oppsite
03200	to the norm. SU/ (stems up) and SD/ (stems down) are used for this purpose.
03300	Once SU/ or SD/ appears in a given line of music the automatic system will
03400	no longer operate and from that point on all stem directions must be
03500	specified. When a new line of music is then typed the automatic system 
03600	begins to work again.
03700	
03800		Example: C5/B4/SD/A/G/SU/D/E;
03900	
04000		The B and C will have their stems down, as is normal. The A and G 
04100	will have their stems up except that SD/ has directed that the stems go down.
04200	Then SU/ makes the stems of the last two notes go up. Because of internal
04300	complications in the program it may be best to use SU/ or SD/ from the
04400	beginning of a line if they are to be used at all.
04500	
04600	
04700	
     

00100	
00200		In multi-staff music it is sometimes desired to put some of the notes
00300	of a string either on the staff above the principal staff or on the staff
00400	below. S+1/, (staff above) S-1/ (staff below) and S0/ (center staff) are used
00500	for this purpose. (Be sure that you don't try to put any notes on a staff
00600	below staff zero!) Usually you will want notes on the staff above to have
00700	their stems down and the notes on the staff below to have stems up. Use SU/
00800	and SD/ for this. Example: SU/F4/G/SD/S+/A/G/S0/SU/F/G/S-/E/F;  The first 2
00900	notes, F and G are on the principal staff with stems up. Then A and G are on
01000	the staff above with stems down. The next F and G return to the principal
01100	staff (S0/) with stems up. Finally the last E and F will be on the staff
01200	below with stems still up.
01300	
01400		Ordinary rests are entered as R/. The shape of the rest will be
01500	determined by the rhythm given later. To maintain proper spacing when there
01600	is a variable number of voices "invisible rests" (RI/) may be used. The use
01700	of RI/ will be dealt with later. To put a rest above the staff instead of in
01800	its usual position type RU/. (Rest, up). For a rest below the staff type RD/
01900	(Rest, down). RW/ will make a whole rest appear no matter what rhythmic value
02000	is given later. This is used in orchestral scores for complete measures of
02100	rests. RN/, where n is a number from 1 to 999, will print a whole rest with
02200	the number n above it. RR/ will print the symbol for the repeat of the
02300	previous measure  (./.).
02400	
02500		The four principal clefs are referred to by the first two letters of
02600	their names. TR = treble, BA = bass, AL = alto, TE = tenor. Sometimes it is
02700	desired to type in a line of music with no clef at the front. If no clef is
02800	mentioned the treble clef is assumed. If you want the notes to occupy vertical
02900	positions indicated by some other clef, type the clef letters preceded by a
03000	minus sign, e.g. -BA/C4/. In this case no bass clef will appear but the C
03100	(middle C) will appear on the first ledger line above the staff.
03200	
03300		The clef may be changed in the middle of a line. The first clef on
03400	each line will always be of the standard size. Any further clefs on the same
03500	line will appear in a smaller size. Only the four main clefs are provided for
03600	here, but any clef can be moved to any vertical position with the normal
03700	editing procedures.
03800	
03900		For key signatures type Kna/ where n = the number of accidentals and
04000	a = either F (flats) or S (sharps). To make a key signature of naturals, that
04100	is cancelling out a previous signature of either flats or sharps, type KnsN/
04200	where n = the numbers of accidentals and s = either a "+" or "-". "+" will put
04300	the naturals in the format of sharps and "-" will use the format of flats. The
04400	actual position of the accidental will depend on which clef was last entered
04500	for that line of music. If there has been no clef, treble clef is assumed.
04600	Non-standard key signatures may be entered outside of the SCORE notation
04700	system using code number 9. (See MS.REF)
04800	
04900	
     

00100	
00200		The time signature, or meter, is entered in the form Tn,m/ where
00300	n = the top number of the meter and m = the bottom number. To make the
00400	"common" time signature (C) type T99,1/. For "alla breve", T98,1/. To get a
00500	time signature of a single number appearing in the middle of the staff, type
00600	T0,m/ where m = the number to be printed. A space may be used in place of the
00700	comma.
00800	
00900		Bar lines are entered by means of M/. (M = measure.) M/ by itself
01000	puts a bar line from the bottom to the top of the staff. If a number follows,
01100	Mn/, it will indicate the total number of staves, going upward from the
01200	principal staff, to be encompassed by the bar line. If notes are being entered
01300	on staff zero and M4/ is typed, there will be a bar line extending from the
01400	bottom of staff zero to the top of staff 3 (four staves in all). Negative
01500	numbers may not be used. M1/ is the same as M/. MD/ will produce a double bar
01600	with the heavy bar to the right, such as is used at the end of a composition.
01700	A number may also be used with MD/. To get other forms of double bars and
01800	repeat bars use MD/ and then edit the result later.
01900	
02000		Before going on to rhythmic input it would be well to try a few lines 
02100	of note input. To get a fresh version of the program type <CALL>, then
02200	R MS <cr>. Now type IN <cr>. IN stands for "input". Since no numbers were 
02300	typed the default values for parameters 2 through 5 will be used. IN is P1.
02400	P2 = staff number, P3 = particular input mode, P4 = relative vertical position
02500	of staff, P5 = staff size factor. If no staff at the level given in P2 is
02600	presently on the screen one will now appear, using the P4 and P5 values.
02700	Input mode (P3) will be discussed later.
02800	
02900		So, at this point a standard staff should appear at the bottom of the
03000	screen. the program will tell you, "TYPE NOTES". Try the following:
03100	
03200		TR/K3F/T4 4/E4/G/B/E5/M/D/C/B4/ <cr>
03300		A/M/G/MD; <cr>
03400	
03500		The program will now type "POS1, POS2, (SPC)". POS1 and POS2 will be
03600	numbers indicating the limits (0 to 200) of your input. The use of "SPC" will
03700	be covered later. If you type simply <cr> at this point POS1 will be taken as
03800	0, POS2 will be 200 and SPC will equal zero. After <cr> is typed the notes
03900	should appear across the screen with roughly equal spacing and the program
04000	will then say, "TYPE 9 RHYTHMS". If at this time we want to retype the notes,
04100	type 99 (99 = Backup) and the message "TYPE NOTES" will reappear. (Type 999
04200	to escape from SCORE input mode entirely.) Having typed 99, then type the
04300	following:
04400		 BA/K4S/T99,1/PE4/B/GN/FN/M/E2+/TR/E5-/D:B/C:F4/FN:GN:B:DN/M;
04500	
04600	
04700	
     

00100	
00200		For "POS1, POS2, (SPC)" type 50 150 <cr>. Now notes will appear in the 
00300	central part of the staff. Check the results and then type 999 to escape from
00400	SCORE input mode.
00500	
00600		For the next exercise three staves will be used. The staff zero that
00700	was created by earlier having typed "IN" is still on the screen. The three
00800	staves to be used will be created by editing the one already present. Type
00900	I <cr>. This goes into edit mode for item 1, the only item now present. The
01000	central staff for the next example will be staff one. Also the staves will be
01100	of reduced size, .8. For this type 2 1 5 .8 <cr> <cr>. The second <cr> will
01200	make the program exit from edit mode immediately after having drawn the staff
01300	one. Now type "I" again. Then, 2 0 4 6 <cr> C <cr>. This puts a copy of item
01400	one back at staff position zero but now raised up 6 note level units. (P4 = 6)
01500	Again type "I". Now we are editing item 2. Type 2 2 4 -6 <cr> C <cr>. A third
01600	staff appears, at position 2, moved 6 units below the standard height. We now
01700	have three equally spaced staves.
01800	
01900		For input to go on staff one type IN 1. Now try:
02000	
02100		TR/SU/C4/E/SD/S+/C5/R/A4/M2/G/S0/SU/F/E/ <CR>
02200		S-/E5/F/G/S0/C4/M2; <CR> <CR>
02300	
02400		The second <cr> is the response to the prompt, "POS1, POS2,(SPC).
02500	(Sometimes prompts may be delayed a few seconds because of time sharing. It
02600	is always possible to type ahead of the appearance of prompts just so long as
02700	one is sure of the results.)
02800	
02900		The bar lines will be seen going from staff one to the top of staff
03000	two. Later on it will be explained how these may be edited to run from staff
03100	zero to staff two. The clef appears only on staff one. Other clefs will be
03200	made with the edit and copy system.
03300	
03400		Using this example we will go on to rhythmic input. The different
03500	forms of rhythmic indications will be discussed first. A rhythmic value must
03600	be given for each note (or chord) and each rest. The rhythmic value given
03700	will determine the note type and number of tails, etc, as well as the
03800	relative spacing of the note in the string.
03900	
04000		The most common rhythmic values may be entered with letter names.
04100	S/ = 1/16, E/ = 1/8, Q/ = 1/4, H/ = 1/2. W/ = whole note, D/ = double whole
04200	note (longa). Also G/ = grace note and T/ = triplet (1/3 of a quarter note).
04300	For the other triple divisions two letters are used, the second letter
04400	refering to non-triple value of the note. TS/ = 1/16 note triplet, or 1/3 of
04500	an 1/8 note. TE/ is the same as just T/. TQ/ = 1/4 note triplet, or 1/3 of a
04600	1/2 note. TH/ = 1/3 of  a whole note. The letter "T" can be used with these
04700	other letters only, it cannot be used with rhythmic numbers.
04800	
04900		Any rhythmic value, no matter how complex, may be entered as a
05000	number. This number will always be the value of how many such equal units
05100	will add up to the value of a whole note. Or, put another way, these numbers
05200	will always be the denominator of the rhythmic fraction where the numerator
05300	is kept at one. Thus 16/ = sixteenth note, 4/ = Quarter note, etc. 12/ = a
05400	triplet, or one third of a quarter note. (There are 12 of these in the time
05500	of whole note.) 20/ = quintuplet, or one fifth of a quarter note. A double
05600	whole note would be typed as .5/. Unusual rhythms may be figured with the
05700	following formula: m = 4 X a / b. "a" is the number of equal divisions of
05800	the number of quarter notes in the basic time unit "b". For example given
05900	7 in the time of a dotted half. a = 7 and b = 3 (there are 3 quarters in a
06000	dotted half). n = 4 X 7 / 3 = 9.333. Each note is a 1/9.333 note. Another
06100	example: 5 in the time of a quarter note triplet, that is, a third of a half
06200	note. A half note equals two quarters so b = 2/3. n = 4 X 5 / (2/3) = 30.
06300	Each note is a 1/30 note.
06400	
06500	
06600	
     

00100	
00200		Dots and double dots may be added to either the letters or numeric
00300	representations of rhythm and both letters and numbers may be used in the
00400	same line.
00500		8./8/Q/2/H../ etc.
00600		
00700		In all the simpler cases, the common rhythms, triplets, quintuplets,
00800	etc., the proper tails and dots will appear on the notes but some editing
00900	may be necessary in very complex cases. The spacing of the notes will always
01000	be done correctly however. At this point the screen should have the message
01100	"TYPE 12 RHYTHMS". Try the following:
01200		Q./8/4/E//S////2/E/;
01300	
01400		When consecutive slashes appear, the last typed number or letter will
01500	be repeated. In this regard the concluding semi-colon has the same affect as
01600	a slash. This same feature is available at the time of typing in the notes.
01700	
01800		Remember that chords represent a single rhythmic unit. Thus multiple
01900	slashes following a chord will repeat the entire chord. D:F:A/// will produce
02000	three D minor chords. Accidentals on a note or chord followed by multiple
02100	slashes will disappear after their first appearance. This is in agreement
02200	with the traditions of musical notation. D:FS:BF/// will produce 3 chords but
02300	only the first one will have accidentals. If repeated accidentals are desired
02400	then the entire chord must be typed for each appearance.
02500	
02600		Now notes will be spaced according to their rhythmic values with a
02700	certain amount of space also taken for the clef and the bar lines. The CRT
02800	will have the prompt "ADD MARKS?" The possible responses are "Y", "N", "G",
02900	99 or 999. 999 will escape from SCORE input mode and everthing entered since
03000	the third staff will dissappear. 99 will back up to the rhythm prompt. G stands
03100	for "go" and will exit from SCORE mode with no further prompts. N stands for
03200	"no" and will continue to the next prompt. Y (= yes) will be answered by the
03300	prompt "TYPE". Type Y <cr>.
03400	
03500		You will have noticed a series of numbers lined up with the notes on
03600	the screen. These are reference numbers for the next forms of input. Most
03700	marks are entered in the format: note reference number, code letter, slash,
03800	with the last slash of input being replaced by a semicolon. There is an
03900	extensive list of marks that may be entered here. A few examples will be given.
04000	See MS.REF for the complete list.
04100	
04200		A = accent, S = staccato, T = tenuto, FE = fermato.
04300	
04400		The above and several other marks will become part of the parameter
04500	list for a particular note.
04600	
04700	
04800	
     

00100	
00200		Some other musical indications may be entered in this manner which
00300	will become independant items. They are entered at this point because their
00400	horizontal position will be relative to certain notes. The vertical
00500	positioning will be automatic. All these items may be used to put an item
00600	somewhere between two notes. Some of the items that can be used in this
00700	manner are the standard dynamic marks: PPP, PP, P, MP, MF, F, FF, FFF.
00800	1.5 P/ puts a "p" half way between notes 1 and 2. .5P/ would put it half way
00900	between the beginning of the line and the first note. In the line on the
01000	screeen at this point, 11.5 P/ would put a "p" half way between the last note
01100	(11) and the end of the line.
01200	
01300		The linear crescendo and decescendo signs are indicated by C+ and C-.
01400	The format is n1 z n2/ where z is C+ or C- and n1 is left position, in note
01500	reference units, of the symbol and n2 is the right position. 6 C+ 10.8/ would
01600	enter a crescendo sign starting under the sixth note and extending to a bit
01700	before the eleventh note.
01800	
01900		At this point type the following; and check the results.
02000		1 S/1 A/1 MP/5 8 S/5 PP/6.5 C+ 9.8/10 A/ <CR>
02100		10 F/11 FE; <CR>
02200	
02300		Now the program will say "ADD BEAMS?" The same response may be made
02400	here as after the previous prompt. However an additional response is possible
02500	if all the beams involved are of a consistent form. For this response type
02600	nB <cr> where n = the number of eighth notes to be connected by each beam.
02700	In 2/4, 3/4 or 4/4 time the usual response would be 2B <cr>. With these time
02800	signatures it is usual to connect by beams any rhythmic configuration of up
02900	to 2 eighth notes duration. Meters such as 6/8, 3/8 or 9/8 would use 3B <cr>.
03000	3/16 or 6/16 would use 1.5B <cr> If there is a pick-up (or ancrusis) at the
03100	begining of the line which begins after the usual boundry of a beam this may
03200	be taken into account by adding another number after the letter "B". This
03300	number will be how many notes and how many rests (i.e. rhythmic units) are
03400	to be ignored before the automatic beaming process begins. In the case of a
03500	single 1/8 note pick-up to a 4/4 meter one would type 2B1 <cr>.
03600	
03700		When the automatic beam process is used the stem directions of the
03800	notes involved will be adjusted according to the traditions of music printing.
03900	However if SU/ or SD/ have been used in the first step of input then the
04000	specified stem dirctions will prevail.
04100	
04200		If there are irregularities in the rhythmic groupings under the
04300	various beams then type "Y" to the "ADD BEAMS ?" prompt. In this case pairs
04400	of numbers followed by a slash are expected. The numbers here will be the 
04500	note reference numbers. These will show the begining and ending note of each
04600	beam. (Notice that rests are ignored here.) In regard to the example on the
04700	screen one could type 5 8/10 11/; <cr>. (In this particular case it would be
04800	the same as typing 2B earlier.)
04900	
05000	
05100	
     

00100	
00200		In cases where you wish to go counter to the normal stem direction the
00300	second of each pair of numbers will be changed. To make all the stems go up in
00400	a particular group of beamed notes add 100 to the second number of the pair.
00500	To make the stems go down, add 200 or simply make the second number negative.
00600	
00700		15 118/ would beam four notes with stems up, no matter what their
00800	position on the staff. 15 218/ or 15 -18/ would ensure that the beams go down.
00900	
01000		Sometimes numbers over the beams indicating triplets or quintuplets,
01100	etc., are desired. These numbers should be entered following a decimal point
01200	in the first number of a pair. To add the triplet number, 1.3 3/. For a
01300	quintuplet, 6.5 10/.
01400	
01500		Continuing with the example on the screen, type 2B <cr>. You will see
01600	now that the rhythmic tails have disappeared wherever a beam has been put in.
01700	The note stems have been adjusted to meet the beams correctly.
01800	
01900		Lastly you will be asked, "ADD SLURS?" Type "Y" or "N" to this. When
02000	slurs are added a format similar to that for beams will be used. The first
02100	and last numbers of each pair will be the beginning and ending points, in note
02200	reference units, for each slur. Normally the direction of the "dip", or curve
02300	of the slur will be determined by the stem direction of the first note
02400	involved. If the last note has an opposite stem direction then the vertical
02500	position of the right end of the slur will be just beyond the end of the stem.
02600	Slurs may be made to curve counter to the normal direction in the same way
02700	that beams were controlled. Add 100 to the second number of a pair to make
02800	the slur curve upward. Add 200, or use a negative number, to make a downward
02900	curve.
03000	
03100		The amount of curvature will depend on the configuration of the notes
03200	between the end points. In extreme situations it is probable that the results
03300	of these automatic procedures will have to be edited.
03400	
03500		To have a slur come from before the first note of a line type -1 as
03600	the first number of a pair. To have a slur go beyond the last note type 99 as
03700	the second number of a pair. When two chords, with the same notes are to be
03800	tied together, one pair of numbers will cause all the ties that are necessary
03900	to be drawn.
04000	
04100		The SLUR section may be used to put numbered brackets over notes (to
04200	show triplet groups, etc.) This is done by adding a number (only one digit)
04300	after the decimal point of the first number of a pair. Thus to put a
04400	bracketed 3 over notes 7 to 9, type 7.3 9/. The direction of the bracket may
04500	be controlled by changes in the second number, exactly as if it were a slur
04600	or a beam.
04700	
04800	
04900	
     

00100	
00200		To complete the example on the screen type:
00300		1 2/3 -4/5 9/10 111; <cr>
00400	
00500		Now the program will exit from SCORE mode and will say "TYPE FOR ITEM..."
00600	The item number is considerably higher than the number of notes might indicate.
00700	This is because many of the other objects on the screen, beams, slurs, etc., are
00800	independant items. At this point you may want to edit the line, especially the
00900	slurs, however it is better to first gain more experience in typing in complete
01000	lines of music. Try the following examples and study the results until you grasp
01100	the connections between what is typed and what appears on the display. In each
01200	case start by typing <CALL> R MS <cr> to get a "clean" copy of the program.
01300	
01400		Each line ends with <cr>. Comments are in brackets. (Don't type them.)
01500	The prompts are in parentheses.
01600	
01700	Exercise 1)
01800	
01900	IN 3 0 0 1.5
02000	
02100	TR/T3,4/C4/D/E/F/ FS/A/M/G/A/B/M/C5/MD;
02200	
02300	1	[For "POS1,POS2,(SPC)" the trailing zeros need not be typed.]
02400	
02500	S////Q./E/H/E//H.;
02600	
02700	N
02800	
02900	2B
03000	
03100	Y
03200	
03300	1 4/5 6/8 9;
03400	
03500	Exercise 2)
03600	
03700	IN 2 0 -10 .9
03800	
03900	M/BA/G2//A/B//C3/M/D/A/AF/G/FN/EF/M;
04000	
04100	100 190
04200	
04300	4/8//4/8//4/16////2;
04400	
04500	Y
04600	
04700	1 A/2 3S/4 A/5 6S/1 F/7 A/8 C-11.3/12 P/12 T;
04800	
04900	2B
05000	
05100	Y
05200	
05300	8 11;
05400	
05500	
05600	
     

00100	
00200	Exercise 3)
00300	
00400	8 1
00500	
00600	8
00700	
00800	IN
00900	
01000	BA/K1S/T2 4/PD3/M2/G/B:G/A:F/G:E/M2/A:F:D/M2/D2/F/A/D/F/D/M2/A3:G:E:CS/M2;
01100	
01200	1
01300	
01400	E/Q/T///2/S////E//E.;
01500	
01600	N
01700	
01800	2B1
01900	
02000	Y
02100	
02200	3.3 5/7 8;
02300	
02400	IN 1
02500	
02600	TR/K1S/T2 4/R/M/R/PB4/G/M/R/C/B/A/G/M/F/R/F:A/M/E:A/M;
02700	
02800	1
02900	
03000	8///4/8//12///Q/E//8.;
03100	
03200	Y
03300	
03400	.6 MF;
03500	
03600	Y
03700	
03800	4.3 6;
03900	
04000	N
04100	
04200	
04300	
     

00100	
00200		In this last exercise you will notice that the 2 staves of music line
00300	up perfectly. This is because each has exactly the same total of rhythmic values
00400	as well as the same number and kind of other objects, such as bar lines. If even
00500	one bar line on the upper staff were omitted the total alignment would be
00600	disturbed. To take care of this problem it is possible to designate any
00700	particular staff as the basis for spacing on all other staves to be entered.
00800	This is done by typing SP n <cr>, where n is the staff number which will be
00900	refered to for the spacing on other staves. In the last exercise, if SP 0 <cr>
01000	had been typed, either before the first IN, or before the second IN, then the
01100	bar lines on the upper staff could have been omitted with no ill effect.
01200	
01300		When "SP" has been used an error message will appear when there is a
01400	mismatch between the total of the rhythmic values in the spacing staff and the
01500	total in a newly typed staff. It is obvious that the program will not be able
01600	to figure out where to put the notes if the totals are different. There can be,
01700	however, differences in the numbers of clefs or bar lines, etc., because, while
01800	they take up a certain amount of room in the spacing staff, they have no
01900	rhythmic value attached to them. If there are differences with these other
02000	items careful proof reading is suggested since you may find some things in
02100	unexpected places, especially if you have typed extra bar lines.
02200	
02300		In general it is best to enter the lowest one of any brace of staves
02400	first. This is because bar lines that cover several staves are always drawn from
02500	a given staff upward. Then, using "SP", the bar lines can be ignored or not for
02600	the upper staves. The next, 3-staff exercise demonstrates this.
02700		(Be sure to start with a fresh version of MS.)
02800	
02900	Exercise 4)
03000	
03100	SP 1
03200	
03300	IN 1 0 0 .8
03400	
03500	M3/BA/T3 4/PA2/B/C/M3/D/F/D/M3/E/M3;
03600	
03700	0 100
03800	
03900	Q/// ///H.;
04000	
04100	G
04200	
04300	IN 2 0 0 .8
04400	
04500	AL/T3 4/E3/F/A/ GS;
04600	
04700	H./Q/H/H.;	[There is no prompt now re. POS1,POS2... because spacing must
04800			 follow staff 1.]
04900	G
05000	
05100	IN 3 0 0 .8
05200	
05300	TR/T3 4/C4/E/D/F/E/B3;
05400	
05500	H/Q/H/Q//H;
05600	
05700	G
05800	
05900	
06000	
     

00100	
00200		All of the exercises up to now have spaced all notes exactly according
00300	to their rhythmic values. A half note took up twice as much space as a quarter.
00400	A sixteenth note took up 1/4 as much space as a quarter note. However in the
00500	traditions of music printing this exact equivalence does not hold, except in the
00600	cases of contrapuntal voices with different rhythmic values. As a general rule
00700	there is a sliding scale of spacing values applied to the different rhythms on
00800	a single musical line. In multi-voice music it is the smallest value found at
00900	any given time which will determine the spacing.
01000	
01100		One method of dealing with this is to assign an arbitrary space value
01200	to the smallest unit, say a sixteenth note, found on the line. Then, perhaps,
01300	the eighth note would use two units, the quarter note three units, the half
01400	note four units, etc. More units, or partial units are added for accidentals
01500	and other things which may add to the space requirements.  This problem is
01600	dealt with in the MS program by means of what is called the psuedo-Fibonacci
01700	(PFS) spacing system. This does not produce results which rigidly follow the
01800	above-mentioned unit system but in most cases the results do not appear very
01900	different to the eye.
02000	
02100		To envoke the PFS system, type the number one as the third number after
02200	the prompt, "POS1, POS2,(SPC)". To see the difference between exact rhythmic
02300	spacing and the PFS system try the following exercise. (Get a fresh copy of MS.)
02400	
02500	IN 4
02600	M/F4//// / //M/F////M/F////M;
02700	0 0 0 [<cr> alone here would be the same as 0 0 0 <cr>]
02800	Q//// //// ///; [The 2nd 0 becomes 200]
02900	G
03000	
03100	IN 3
03200	M/F4//// / //M/F/////M/F/M;
03300	0 0 0
03400	S////H/E// Q./E/E./S/Q/ W;
03500	N
03600	2B
03700	N
03800	
03900	IN 2
04000	M/F4//// / //M/F/////M/F/M;
04100	0 0 1 [now the 1st 2 zeros must be typed sp the program will read the 1 as the
04200		3rd number]
04300	S////H/E// Q./E/E./S/Q/ W;
04400	N
04500	2B
04600	N
04700	
04800		You will see that the middle line of rhythms is spaced exactly in
04900	coordination with the equally spaced quarters of the top line. In bottom line
05000	all the sixteenths have the same amount of space but four of them occupy more
05100	space than the first quarter of the top line. The most dramatic difference is
05200	in the spave occupied by the whole notes on the two botton lines. It should be
05300	noted that in the top line, since all the rhythmic values are the same, it would
05400	not make any difference if the PFS system were applied.
05500	
05600		In most music the PFS system should be used at all times. However with
05700	multi-staff music certain problems will arise. It is very rare that any one
05800	voice will have all the smallest time values to be found. More often the small
05900	values are found first in one voice, then anotherm and then another, etc.
06000	
06100	
06200	
     

00100	
00200		(If you must make use of the page layout program you will not have to
00300	concern yourself with these problems. In that program, just so long as the
00400	various rhythms are lined up properly, all the spacing is automatically
00500	reconstituted according to the PSF system. Preparing lines for eventual
00600	processing by the page layout program will be discussed in a later chapter.)
00700	
00800		The method of dealing with this problem to be discribed must be used
00900	when creating large scores, where no more than one brace of staves can appear
01000	on a single page, or any time when the page layout program is not going to be
01100	used to rearrange the spacing. The first thing that must be done is to create a
01200	dummy staff, one that will not appear in the final printing, which will contain
01300	a line of notes, bars, clefs, etc., which represents the worst possible
01400	conditions of crowding at every point along the line. When this is entered, it
01500	will serve as a guide for all subsequent staves to be filled. This dummy, or
01600	spacing staff will have its contents arranged in such a way as to take advantage
01700	of the spave available. After all parts in a given group of staves are complete,
01800	the spacing staff will be deleted leaving only the actual staves to be printed.
01900	In the next exercise the first staff entered must be the spacing staff. It is
02000	usually easy to deside at sight, without much study, what rhythms must be used.
02100	The particular pitches and clefs used are of noo importance on this line.
02200	
02300	Exercise 5
02400	
02500	SP 4
02600	
02700	IN 4
02800	
02900	M/TR/T4 4/F4//// // ///M/F/ // /TR/F/ //M/F///M;
03000	
03100	0 0 1
03200	
03300	S//// Q// T/// Q/ E//E./S/E// Q//H;
03400	
03500	G
03600	
03700	IN 0
03800	
03900	M3/BA/T4 4/F3/// /TR/F4//M3/F///BA/F3//M3/F/M3;
04000	
04100	N
04200	
04300	2B
04400	
04500	N
04600	
04700	IN 1
04800	
04900	AL/T4 4/A3// // /;
05000	
05100	2//2./Q/2/;
05200	
05300	G
05400	
05500	IN 2
05600	
05700	TR/T4 4/C4/ /// // // //;
05800	
05900	2./T///Q/2/E//Q//2;
06000	
06100	N
06200	
06300	Y
06400	
06500	2.3 4/7 8;
06600	
06700	Y
06800	
06900	6 7;
07000	
07100	
07200	
     

00100		Now to complete the work the spacing staff must  be  deleted.
00200	This could be done by stepping through the items deleting them one by
00300	one.   However it is much faster to  use  one  of  the  "group  edit"
00400	commands.    "DEL"  is  one  of a set of commands that can be used to
00500	modify a whole group of items at one time.    All  the  "group  edit"
00600	commands will be described later.
00700	
00800		Type DEL <cr>
00900	
01000		The program will respond with the prompt,
01100	
01200		"STAFF NUM,POS1,POS2,(CODE NUM)"
01300	
01400		If  only  a staff number is typed then every item having that
01500	number in P2 will be deleted. The deletion can be selective according
01600	to  the  horizontal  position limits given and/or the particular code
01700	number given. If 4 0 0 1 were typed (the second zero being  taken  as
01800	the  same  as 200) only the notes (code number 1) on staff four would
01900	be deleted.
02000	
02100		So at this point type 4 <cr> to complete the exercise.
02200	
02300		The next exercise will also use a composite for  the  spacing
02400	staff  but now the significant staff will include two separate voices
02500	and various points.
02600	
02700	Exercise 6)
02800	
02900	SP 4
03000	
03100	IN 4 0 0 .9
03200	
03300	TR/F4//// ///M/ F/ // //M/F/ /// / //M/F//M;
03400	
03500	1 0 1
03600	
03700	S//// Q/// /E//Q// /T///Q/E//H/;
03800	
03900	G
04000	
04100	IN 2 0 0 .9
04200	
04300	TR/SU/PC5/E/D/C/B/A/M/G/A/B/C/D/M/E/F/D/B/RU/M/E4:C5/RU/MD;
04400	
04500	S////2/Q/ E//Q// /E//Q//2/;
04600	
04700	N
04800	
04900	2B
05000	
05100	N
05200	
05300	IN 2	[Other parameters  not  needed  since  staff  2  now  already
05400	exists.]
05500	
05600	SD/E4/C/E/F/FS/RI//RD/AF/F/G/F/RI;
05700	
05800	T///Q/2/W/Q/T///Q./E/W;
05900	
06000	N
06100	
06200	2B
06300	
06400	N
06500	
06600	
06700	
     

00100	
00200		Numeric indications for the triplets in the lower voice can be added
00300	later. The invisible rests (RI) are needed to make the lower voice have the
00400	same total rhythmic value as the upper voice. The two invisible rests in a row
00500	are used to avoid confusion. A single RI could have been used. Then the 
00600	rhythmic input for that point would have been /1,4/, that is the total duration
00700	for the invisible rest would be a whole note value plus a quarter. This form of
00800	rhythmic input is useful only with invisible rests.
00900	
01000		Now delete the spacing staff.
01100	
01200		DE <cr>
01300		4 <cr>
01400	
01500		Before the next exercise a little more will be said about the input of
01600	notes and rhythms. Most music has a great deal of repetition of various small
01700	units of rhythms or pitches. You have already seen how the consecutive slashes
01800	can be used to repeat single notes or rhythms. If there are more than 4 or 5 of
01900	the same thing in a row, the repetitions can be shown by using an "X" followed
02000	by a number indicating how many repetitions there will be. FSX8/ means there
02100	will be 8 consecutive F sharps. 16X8/QX7/ means there will be 8 sixteenth notes
02200	and then 7 quarter notes. If a varied group of notes or rhythms is to be
02300	repeated use the format REP n/ where n = the number of input units to be
02400	repeated. For example C4/D/E/D/REP 4/ would be equivalent to typing 
02500	C4/D/E/D/C/D/E/D/. You can also type REP n t/ where t = the total number of
02600	times the last n units will appear. Thus F4/G/AF/REP 3 4/ will print the phrase
02700	F-G-Ab a total of four times. (NOT! four more times after the 1st time.) This
02800	same system can be used with rhythmic input.
02900	
03000	
03100	
     

00100		An even more flexible way of dealing with the  repetition  of
00200	varied strings of notes or rhythms is to use the "motivic" feature of
00300	SCORE input.  Any string of notes or rhythms can be designated  as  a
00400	"motive"  by  typing  a letter, followed by a left parenthesis at the
00500	beginning of the string and putting a right parenthesis at the end of
00600	the  string.   After  this is done, the entire string can be repeated
00700	anywhere else by typing only  the  "at"  sign  (@)  followed  by  the
00800	identifying  letter.   Up to  26  motives can exist at once.  After a
00900	motive is defined it can be used in any line on the screen.   Motives
01000	can  also  be  "saved"  for  later  use on other pages.  This will be
01100	explained in the section on saving your input work.   Here  are  some
01200	examples of motives.
01300	
01400	A(C4/E/D/F)/G/B3/@A/E/G/@A/C;
01500			 ↑      ↑
01600	
01700		The string C-E-D-F has been defined  as  motive  A.  It  will
01800	appear three  times  in this line.   Each time the motive is recalled
01900	the octave numbers are reset.  Thus the E/, appearing after @A/, will
02000	be E4/ because the octave number in motive A is 4.
02100	
02200		Two or more motives may be combined to  form  a  new,  longer
02300	motive.
02400	
02500	G(8/16/)/R/(8//4)/S(@Q/@R)/@R/@Q/@S;
02600			   *↑  ↑   ↑  ↑  ↑
02700	
02800		The  first  motive,  Q,  is  made  up  of  an  eighth and two
02900	sixteenths. At "*" motive S is formed from the contents of both Q and
03000	R.
03100	
03200		With notes, a motive may be transposed visually any number of note
03300	level units by typing a number after the identifying letter. The word
03400	"visually" is used here because this does not cause transposition in musical
03500	terms but rather the sequence of notes is merely shifted to some different
03600	level on the staff. Any accidentals involved will remain exactly the same.
03700	
03800	Z(C4/D/EF/C)/@Z3/@Z-1;
03900		    *↑   ↑
04000	
04100		At "*" the notes of the motive will appear up 3 levels from the
04200	original, i.e. F/G/AF/F/. Next the motive will shift down one unit from the
04300	original, giving B3/C4/DF/B3. The musical intervals here would be quite
04400	different.
04500	
04600		With rhythms the number after the letter is used to indicate
04700	augmentation or diminution of the rhythmic values.
04800	
04900	H(Q/E//Q)/@H.5/@H2;
05000		 *↑   **↑
05100	
05200		At "*" we will have the rhythmic values cut in half, i.e. 8/16//8/.
05300	Then at "**" the values are doubled in duration to 2/4//2/.
05400	
05500	
05600